Preparation and Evaluation of Mangifera Indica Loaded Ethosomal Gel for Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Animal Model

Published: Saturday, 13 September 2014 10:43 | Written by Super User | Print | Email | Hits: 4503

¹Sireesha Kalva , ²P. Sailaja Rao , ³Bala Tripura Sundari , ⁴Prakash V Diwan

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijahm/v8i1.06

¹Assistant Professor, Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad-81.

²Associate professor, Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad-81.

³ Assistant Professor, Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad-81.

⁴Director, Maratha Mandal Research Centre, Belgaum, Karnataka.

*Address for Correspondence: Sireesha.kalva, Assistant Professor,Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Madhapur, Hyderabad-81.

Abstract :

The study was designed to evaluate the ethosomal gel of leaf extract of Mangifera indica, its incorporation in to gel formulations. The prepared gels were assessed for their anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced oedema. Different formulations of ethosomes using lecithin, cholesterol and ethanol were prepared using different doses of Mangifera indica herbal leaf extracts. Carbopol 940 was used to prepare ethosomal gel. The entrapment efficiency of ethosomes was 65.1%-96.54% and the average vesicle size was 920nm. Three formulations (different doses) were selected based on entrapment efficiency and drug release. Prepared gels were then evaluated for physicochemical characteristics and drug content. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity studies were carried out using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model. Male Wistar rats weighing about 150-180 gms were divided into 5 groups of six rats (n=6) each. Diclofenac sodium was used as a standard drug (MaKami pharmacy). Three gel formulations (100, 200 and 300 mg) were used as test drugs. The pH of the gel formulations was found to be in the range of 5.4-6.2 and viscosities were between 2250- 2399 centipoises. The drug content of gels ranged between 74.67-82.31%. Among the prepared formulations of Mangifera indica FN2 (Formulation 2, 200 mg) was found to possess significant percentage inhibition (54%) when compared to control at 4 hrs. From the study, it can be concluded that ethosomal gel served as an efficient drug delivery system for herbal extract with potential anti-inflammatory property.

Key Words: Ethosomal gel, Mangifera indica, inflammation, physico-chemical properties

REFERENCES

1. Abbas A.B and Lichtman A.H. Chapter 2 Innate immunity. Brain Immunology. Functions and disorders of the immune system. ISBN 3ed. 2009; 978(1): 4160-4688.

2. Mohini P, Parag K, Shailesh K, Meghana L, Sanlhah B, Pravin C. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of herbal gel formultion. J.Nat.prod.Plant Resource; 2011;1(2):25-28.

3. J L Knee et al., Pharmacology; A Nursing process approach, 5th ed., Singapore: Elsevier publications. 2006.

4. Divya Jyothi, Marina K. Formulation and evaluation of an herbal anti-inflammatory gel containing Trigonella Foenum Greacum seed extract.Int J Pharm Sci, 2016; 8(1) :41-44.

5. Parag A. Kulkarni, Shailesh K, Meghana Dhande, Mohini. A Phamse, Pravin D Chowdari. Der Pharm Chemica, 2010; 2(3): 338-342.

6. Mascud Parvez G M. Pharmacological activities of Mango (mangifera indica): A Review. Journal of pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,2016; 5(3): 01-07.

7. Garrido G, Gonzalez D, Lemus Y, Garica D, Lodeiro C, Quintero G, Delporte c, Numez-Selles AJ and Delgando R. Invivo and In-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of mangifera indica L extract. Pharmacol Res. 2006; 50:143-149.

8. Tarun P, Soniya, roopesh s, Vishal S, Gaurav S, Satyanand T, Chirag P, Anil G. Ethosomes: A recent vesicle of transdermal drug delivery system. Int.J Res Dev Pharm L Sci. 2013; 2(2): 285-292.

9. Vijay Kumar KS, Parthiban S, Senthil GPK, Tamiz TM. Ethosomes-A new trend in vescular approaches for topical drug delivery. Asian J. of Res Pharm Sci and Biotech. 2014; 2(1): 23-30.

10. Nimisha, Nimita. Development and Evaluation of herbal Cosmoceutical for skin care. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2013; 4(2): 86-2.

11. Jordan SA, DG Cunningham, RJ Marles. Assessment of herbal medicinal products: Challenges and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment. Toxicology and applied Pharmacology. 2010; 243:198-16.

12. Ajila C M, Prasad Rao U J. Protection against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in rat erythrocytes by Mangifera indica L. peel extract. Food chemical toxicology. 2008; 46(1): 303-309.

13. Rodriguez J, Di-pierro D, Gioia M. Effects of natural extracts from Mangifera indica L and its active compound, mangiferin, on energy state and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells. Biochemical Biophysics. 2006; 1760 (9): 1333-42.

14. Indira S, Priyanka R, Prathima S. Formulation and evaluation of ethosomal topical gels of Etoricoxib. International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars. 2015; 4(1): 93-103.

15. Sujitha B, Krishnamurthy B, Muthukumaran M. Formulation and evaluation of Piroxicam loaded ethosomal gel for transdermal delivery. International Journal of advanced Pharmaceutical genuine research. 2014; 2(1): 34-45.

16. David S R N, Hui M S, Pin C F, Ci F Y, Rajabalaya R. Formulation and in vitro evaluation of ethosomes as vesicular carrier for enhanced topical delivery of isotretinoin. International Journal of drug delivery. 2013; 5(1):28.

17. Bhana R, Verma A, Jain S. Development and characterization of ethosomes bearing losartan potassium for transdermal drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2013; 5(1): 35-40.

18. Tyagi L K, Kumar S, Mourya S S, Kori M L. Ethosomes novel vesicular carrier for enhanced transdermal drug delivery system. Bulletin of Pharmaceutical research. 2013; 3(1): 6-13.

19. Nimisha, Srivastava K, Kumar Singh A. Formulation and evaluation of Seabuckthorn leaf extract loaded ethosomal gel. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2015; 8(5): 316-320.

20. Missal G, Dixit G, Gulkari V. Formulation and evaluation of herbal gel. Indian Journal of natural products and Research. 2012; 3(4): 501-505.

21. Esayed M M, Abdallah O Y, Naggar V F, Khalafallah N M. Lipid vesicles for skin delivery reviewing three decades of research. International journal of Pharmaceutics. 2007; 332: 1-16.

Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenan-induced edema in the hind paw of rat as an assay for anti-inflammatory activity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1962; 111:544-7.

Category: Volume 8 Issue 1 (Jan- Feb 2018)

Status	Duration
starting	0.06 ms
checking permissions	0.01 ms
Opening tables	0.04 ms
init	0.01 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.01 ms
statistics	0.04 ms
executing	0.01 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.00 ms
freeing items	0.02 ms
cleaning up	0.01 ms

#	Caller	File and line number
9	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1740
8	JDatabaseDriver->loadResult()	JROOT/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:74
7	Joomla\CMS\Session\MetadataManager->createRecordIfNonExisting()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:154
6	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->checkSession()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:828
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->loadSession()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:136
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:66
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:386
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication::getInstance()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:140
1	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getApplication()	JROOT/index.php:47

Status	Duration
starting	0.03 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.01 ms
init	0.01 ms
System lock	0.00 ms
update	0.09 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.06 ms
closing tables	0.01 ms
freeing items	0.02 ms
cleaning up	0.01 ms

#	Caller	File and line number
8	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Session/MetadataManager.php:116
7	Joomla\CMS\Session\MetadataManager->createRecordIfNonExisting()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:154
6	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->checkSession()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:828
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->loadSession()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:136
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:66
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->__construct()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:386
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication::getInstance()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:140
1	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getApplication()	JROOT/index.php:47

Status	Duration
starting	0.05 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.01 ms
init	0.02 ms
System lock	0.00 ms
optimizing	0.01 ms
statistics	0.08 ms
preparing	0.01 ms
executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	0.14 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.01 ms
freeing items	0.03 ms
cleaning up	0.01 ms

Preparation and Evaluation of Mangifera Indica Loaded Ethosomal Gel for Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Animal Model

REFERENCES

IJAHM Content

IJAHM Menu

Download

Crossref - DOI

Impact Factor 2025: 8.254

Facebook

Who's Online

index

Joomla! Debug Console

Session

Profile Information

Time

Memory

Memory Usage

Database Queries

27 Queries Logged 20.51 ms

25 Query Types Logged, Sorted by Occurrences.

SELECT Tables:

OTHER Tables:

#	Caller	File and line number
12	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1701
11	JDatabaseDriver->loadObjectList()	JROOT/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:445
10	Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::Joomla\CMS\Component\{closure}()	Same as call in the line below.
9	call_user_func_array()	JROOT/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:173
8	Joomla\CMS\Cache\Controller\CallbackController->get()	JROOT/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:453
7	Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::load()	JROOT/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:519
6	Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::getComponents()	JROOT/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:44
5	Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::getComponent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:103
4	Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::getParams()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:594
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:50

#	Caller	File and line number
10	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1506
9	JDatabaseDriver->loadAssocList()	JROOT/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:1063
8	Joomla\CMS\Access\Access::getAuthorisedViewLevels()	JROOT/libraries/src/User/User.php:458
7	Joomla\CMS\User\User->getAuthorisedViewLevels()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:318
6	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::load()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:87
5	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::getPlugin()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:129
4	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::isEnabled()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:604
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:50

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	a	NULL	const	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	const	1	100.00	NULL
1	SIMPLE	b	NULL	range	idx_usergroup_nested_set_lookup	idx_usergroup_nested_set_lookup	4	NULL	2	100.00	Using where; Using index

#	Caller	File and line number
11	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1550
10	JDatabaseDriver->loadColumn()	JROOT/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:980
9	Joomla\CMS\Access\Access::getGroupsByUser()	JROOT/libraries/src/Access/Access.php:1095
8	Joomla\CMS\Access\Access::getAuthorisedViewLevels()	JROOT/libraries/src/User/User.php:458
7	Joomla\CMS\User\User->getAuthorisedViewLevels()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:318
6	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::load()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:87
5	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::getPlugin()	JROOT/libraries/src/Plugin/PluginHelper.php:129
4	Joomla\CMS\Plugin\PluginHelper::isEnabled()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:604
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:50

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	m	NULL	ref	idx_client_id_parent_id_alias_language	idx_client_id_parent_id_alias_language	1	const	31	3.33	Using index condition; Using where; Using filesort
1	SIMPLE	e	NULL	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	rajourna_ijahm.m.component_id	1	100.00	Using where

#	Caller	File and line number
19	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/database/driver.php:1662
18	JDatabaseDriver->loadObject()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:167
17	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::Joomla\CMS\Helper\{closure}()	Same as call in the line below.
16	call_user_func_array()	JROOT/libraries/src/Cache/Controller/CallbackController.php:173
15	Joomla\CMS\Cache\Controller\CallbackController->get()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:175
14	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::loadLibrary()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:43
13	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::getLibrary()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:90
12	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::getParams()	JROOT/libraries/src/Version.php:321
11	Joomla\CMS\Version->getMediaVersion()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:778
10	Joomla\CMS\Factory::createDocument()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:234
9	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getDocument()	JROOT/plugins/system/uniform/uniform.php:29
8	plgSystemUniform->onAfterInitialise()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/event/event.php:70
7	JEvent->update()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/event/dispatcher.php:160
6	JEventDispatcher->trigger()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/BaseApplication.php:108
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\BaseApplication->triggerEvent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:668
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:686
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:50

#	Caller	File and line number
14	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Helper/LibraryHelper.php:117
13	Joomla\CMS\Helper\LibraryHelper::saveParams()	JROOT/libraries/src/Version.php:372
12	Joomla\CMS\Version->setMediaVersion()	JROOT/libraries/src/Version.php:331
11	Joomla\CMS\Version->getMediaVersion()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:778
10	Joomla\CMS\Factory::createDocument()	JROOT/libraries/src/Factory.php:234
9	Joomla\CMS\Factory::getDocument()	JROOT/plugins/system/uniform/uniform.php:29
8	plgSystemUniform->onAfterInitialise()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/event/event.php:70
7	JEvent->update()	JROOT/libraries/joomla/event/dispatcher.php:160
6	JEventDispatcher->trigger()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/BaseApplication.php:108
5	Joomla\CMS\Application\BaseApplication->triggerEvent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:668
4	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:686
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->initialiseApp()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:212
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:50

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	e	NULL	ref	element_clientid,element_folder_clientid,extension	extension	82	const	5	1.00	Using index condition; Using where
1	SIMPLE	s	NULL	ref	idx_template,idx_client_id,idx_client_id_home	idx_template	202	rajourna_ijahm.e.element	1	60.00	Using index condition; Using where

Status	Duration
starting	0.07 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.01 ms
init	0.04 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.01 ms
statistics	0.15 ms
preparing	0.01 ms
executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	0.37 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.01 ms
closing tables	0.02 ms
freeing items	0.03 ms
cleaning up	0.01 ms

#	Caller	File and line number
11	JDatabaseDriverMysqli->execute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Table/Table.php:1264
10	Joomla\CMS\Table\Table->hit()	JROOT/components/com_content/models/article.php:254
9	ContentModelArticle->hit()	JROOT/components/com_content/controller.php:113
8	ContentController->display()	JROOT/libraries/src/MVC/Controller/BaseController.php:702
7	Joomla\CMS\MVC\Controller\BaseController->execute()	JROOT/components/com_content/content.php:43
6	require_once JROOT/components/com_content/content.php	JROOT/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:402
5	Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::executeComponent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Component/ComponentHelper.php:377
4	Joomla\CMS\Component\ComponentHelper::renderComponent()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:194
3	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->dispatch()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/SiteApplication.php:233
2	Joomla\CMS\Application\SiteApplication->doExecute()	JROOT/libraries/src/Application/CMSApplication.php:225
1	Joomla\CMS\Application\CMSApplication->execute()	JROOT/index.php:50

Status	Duration
starting	0.21 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.01 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.04 ms
init	0.08 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.02 ms
statistics	0.15 ms
preparing	0.02 ms
executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	0.04 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.01 ms
closing tables	0.03 ms
freeing items	0.04 ms
cleaning up	0.08 ms

Status	Duration
starting	0.18 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.02 ms
init	0.07 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.02 ms
statistics	0.14 ms
preparing	0.02 ms
Sorting result	0.01 ms
executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	0.02 ms
Creating sort index	0.23 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.02 ms
freeing items	0.04 ms
cleaning up	0.02 ms

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	m	NULL	ALL	idx_tag_type	NO INDEX KEY COULD BE USED	NULL	NULL	1	100.00	Using where
1	SIMPLE	t	NULL	eq_ref	PRIMARY,tag_idx,idx_access	PRIMARY	4	rajourna_ijahm.m.tag_id	1	100.00	Using where

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	a	NULL	ref	idx_state,idx_access,idx_context	idx_state	1	const	1	100.00	Using index condition; Using where; Using temporary; Using filesort
1	SIMPLE	l	NULL	eq_ref	idx_langcode	idx_langcode	28	rajourna_ijahm.a.language	1	100.00	Using where
1	SIMPLE	uc	NULL	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	rajourna_ijahm.a.checked_out	1	100.00	NULL
1	SIMPLE	ag	NULL	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	rajourna_ijahm.a.access	1	100.00	Using where
1	SIMPLE	ua	NULL	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	rajourna_ijahm.a.created_user_id	1	100.00	Using where
1	SIMPLE	g	NULL	eq_ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	rajourna_ijahm.a.group_id	1	100.00	Using where
1	SIMPLE	fc	NULL	ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	rajourna_ijahm.a.id	1	100.00	Using where; Using index; Distinct

Status	Duration
starting	0.13 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
Opening tables	0.04 ms
init	0.06 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.02 ms
statistics	0.12 ms
preparing	0.04 ms
Creating tmp table	0.06 ms
Sorting result	0.01 ms
executing	0.00 ms
Sending data	0.20 ms
Creating sort index	0.03 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.01 ms
removing tmp table	0.03 ms
query end	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.01 ms
freeing items	0.06 ms
cleaning up	0.08 ms

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	a	NULL	ref	idx_access,idx_state,idx_catid,idx_language	idx_catid	4	const	11	16.00	Using index condition; Using where; Using filesort
1	SIMPLE	cc	NULL	const	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	const	1	100.00	NULL

Status	Duration
starting	0.10 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.00 ms
checking permissions	0.01 ms
Opening tables	0.03 ms
init	0.06 ms
System lock	0.01 ms
optimizing	0.02 ms
statistics	0.14 ms
executing	0.01 ms
end	0.00 ms
query end	0.00 ms
closing tables	0.02 ms
freeing items	0.03 ms
cleaning up	0.01 ms

id	select_type	table	partitions	type	possible_keys	key	key_len	ref	rows	filtered	Extra
1	SIMPLE	m	NULL	ref	PRIMARY,published,newsfeeds,idx_language	published	1	const	12	3.33	Using index condition; Using where; Using filesort
1	SIMPLE	e	NULL	ref	element_clientid,element_folder_clientid	element_clientid	403	rajourna_ijahm.m.module,const	1	10.00	Using index condition; Using where
1	SIMPLE	mm	NULL	ref	PRIMARY	PRIMARY	4	rajourna_ijahm.m.id	1	40.00	Using where; Using index